Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy

Front Cover
Trease and Evans: Pharmacognosy
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Contributors
Part 1: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Plants in medicine: the origins of parmacognosy
	Chapter 2:
The scope and practice of pharmacognosy
		Alphabetical
		Taxonomic
		Morphological
		Pharmacological or Therapeutic
		Chemical
	Chapter 3:
Plant nomenclature and taxonomy
		Botanical Nomenclature
		Subdivisions of the Phyla
		Botanical Systems of Classification
		Taxonomic Characters
		Chemical Plant Taxonomy
		Further reading
Part 2: The plant and animal kingdoms as sources of drugs
	Chapter 4:
Biological and geographical sources of drugs
		Geographical Sources
		Further reading
	Chapter 5:
A taxonomic approach to the study of medicinal plants and animal-derived drugs
		Thallophytes
		Bacteria and Algae
		Fungi
		Lichens
		Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
		Bryophyta
		Pteridophyta
		Gymnosperms
		Angiosperms: Dicotyledons
		Subclass Archichlamydeae
		Subclass Sympetalae
		Angiosperms: Monocotyledons
		Animal Products
	Chapter 6:
Pharmacological activities of natural products
		Drugs Acting on the Nervous System
		The Heart, Circulation and Blood
		Action on the Gastrointestinal Tract
		The Nasal and Respiratory Systems
		The Liver
		The Urinary and Reproductive Systems
		The Skin and Mucous Membranes
		Action on Sugar Metabolism
		Steroids and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
		Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
		Treatment of Infections
		Treatment of Malignant Diseases
		Treatment of Allergies
		The Immune System
		Vitamins
		Further reading
	Chapter 7: Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines
		What is Synergy?
		Measuring Synergy
		Demonstrating Synergy and Polyvalent Action in Phytomedicines
		Enhancement or Reduction of Absorption or Bioavailability
		Examples of Synergy, Polyvalent Action or Antagonism in Herbal Medicines
		New Technologies for Looking at Synergy and Other Interactions
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		Further reading
	Chapter 8:
Traditional plant medicines as a source of new drugs
		Definition
		Historical Dimension
		The Process of Modern Drug Discovery Using Ethnopharmacology
		Some Modern Examples of Drug Discovery Based on the Ethnopharmacological Approach
		The Value of the Ethnopharmacological Approach
		Problems with the Ethnopharmacological Approach
		Conclusion
		Further reading
	Chapter 9:
Discovering new lead compounds in pharmaceutical research and development
		Biological Assays and High-Throughput Screening
		Sample Availability for High-Throughput Screening
		Selecting Samples for Screening
		Process for Identification of Plants for Targeted Sets
		Sample Preparation
		De-Replication and Isolation of Active Components
		An Example of the Success of High-Throughput Screening of Plants for New Lead Compounds
		Further reading
Part 3: Principles related to the commercial production, quality and standardization of natural products
	Chapter 10:
Commerce in crude drugs
		Historical Developments
		Current Aspects
		Changing Demands
		The Future
	Chapter 11:
Production of crude drugs
		Source Materials
		Environmental Conditions
		Cultivated and Wild Plants
		Collection
		Drying
		Storage
		European Regulations
	Chapter 12:
Plant growth regulators
		Auxins
		Gibberellins
		Cell Division Hormones: Cytokinins
		Growth Inhibitors
		Ethylene
	Chapter 13:
Plant cell and tissue culture; biochemical conversions; clonal propagation
		Industrial Significance
		Cultivation of Plant Cells
		Production of Secondary Metabolites
		Induced Secondary Metabolism in Cell Cultures
		Biochemical Conversions by Plant Cell Cultures
		Immobilized Plant Cells
		Organ Culture
		Clonal Propagation
		Further reading
	Chapter 14:
Phytochemical variation within
a species
		Chemical Races, Chemotypes, Chemodemes
		Changes in Chromosome Number
		Artificial Production of Mutations
		Hybridization
		Transgenic Medicinal Plants
		Further reading
	Chapter 15:
Deterioration of stored drugs
		Primary Factors
		Mould and Bacterial Attack
		Coleoptera or Beetles
		Lepidoptera
		Arachnida
		Control of Infestation
		Spoilage by Rodents
		Further reading
	Chapter 16:
Quality control
		Standards Applicable to Crude Drugs
		Standards Applicable to Volatile and Fixed Oils
		Assays
Part 4: Phytochemistry
	Chapter 17:
General methods associated with the phytochemical investigation of herbal products
		Extraction of Plant Material
		Separation and Isolation of Constituents
		Characterization of Isolated Compounds
		Biogenetic Investigations
		Tracer Techniques
		Isolated Organs, Tissues and Cells
		Grafts
		Mutant Strains
		Further reading
	Chapter 18:
Basic metabolic pathways and the origin of secondary metabolites
		Enzymes
		Photosynthesis
		Carbohydrate Utilization
		Glycosides
		Fats and Fatty Acids
		Aromatic Biosynthesis
		Amino Acids
		Peptides and Proteins
		Isoprenoid Compounds
		Secondary Metabolites
		Further reading
Part 5: Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin
	Introduction
	Chapter 19:
Hydrocarbons and derivatives
		Hydrocarbons
		Monobasic Acids
		Dibasic and Tribasic Acids
		Alcohols
		Esters
		Drugs Containing Acids, Alcohols and Esters
		Pharmaceutical Fixed Oils and Fats
		Waxes
	Chapter 20:
Carbohydrates
		Sugars (Saccharides)
		Commercial Plant-Derived Fibres and Products
		Regenerated Carbohydrate Material and Chemically Modified Fibres
		Starches
		Fructans
		Algal Gelling Agents
		Gums and Mucilages
		Miscellaneous Carbohydrate-Containing Drugs
		Further reading
	Chapter 21:
Phenols and phenolic glycosides
		Simple Phenolic Compounds
		Tannins
		Coumarins and Glycosides
		Naphthoquinones and Glycosides
		Chromones and Xanthones
		Flavone and Related Flavonoid Glycosides
		Anthocyanidins and Glycosides
		Bilberry Fruit
		Stilbenes
		Lignans and Lignin
		Further reading
	Chapter 22:
Volatile oils
and resins
		Volatile Oils
		Resins, Gum-Resins and Similar Substances
		Volatile Oils in Aromatherapy
		Further reading
	Chapter 23:
Saponins, cardioactive drugs and other steroids
		Steroidal Saponins
		Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins
		Cardioactive Drugs
		Cardenolides
		Bufadienolides
		Other Steroids
	Chapter 24:
Miscellaneous isoprenoids
		Monoterpenes
		Sesquiterpenes
		Diterpenoids
		Triterpenoids
		Tetraterpenes—Carotenoids
		Polyterpenoids
	Chapter 25:
Cyanogenetic glycosides, glucosinolate compounds, cysteine derivatives and miscellaneous glycosides
		Cyanogenetic Glycosides
		Glucosinolate Compounds
		Cysteine Derivatives
		Garlic
		Miscellaneous Glycosides
	Chapter 26:
Alkaloids
		Introduction
		Ornithine-Derived Alkaloids
		Tropane Alkaloids
		Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
		Lysine-Derived Alkaloids
		Phenylalanine-, Tyrosine- and Dihydroxyphenylalanine-Derived Alkaloids
		Protoalkaloids
		Benzylisoquinoline Derivatives
		Tetrahydroisoquinoline Monoterpenoid Alkaloids and Glycosides
		Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
		Phenethylisoquinoline Alkaloids
		Tryptophan-Derived Alkaloids
		Miscellaneous Alkaloids
		Indolizidine Alkaloids
		Imidazole Alkaloids
		Purine Alkaloids
		Reduced Pyridine Alkaloids
		Terpenoid Alkaloids
		Steroidal Alkaloids
	Chapter 27:
The search for naturally derived anticancer agents
		Plants in Cancer Treatment
		Methods of Investigation
		Established Natural Products as Tumour Inhibitors
		New Natural Products with Antitumour Activity
		Plants Containing Anticancer Agents in Current Use
		Further reading
	Chapter 28:
Antiprotozoal natural products
		Diseases Caused by Protozoa
		Methods of Investigation
		Modes of Action of Natural Antiprotozoal Agents
		Examples of Antiprotozoal Natural Products
		Conclusions
		Further reading
	Chapter 29:
An overview
of drugs with
antihepatotoxic and
oral hypoglycaemic
activities
		Plants in the Treatment of Liver and Biliary Tract Diseases
		Plants with Oral Hypoglycaemic Activity
		Further reading
	Chapter 30:
Antibacterial and antiviral drugs
		Antibacterial Drugs
		Antiviral Agents
	Chapter 31:
Vitamins and hormones
		Vitamins
		Fat-Soluble Vitamins
		Water-Soluble Vitamins
		Hormones
	Chapter 32:
The plant nutraceuticals
		Carotenoids
		gama-Linolenic acid
		Policosanol/octacosanol
		Resveratrol
		Sterols/stanols
		Theanine
		GSPE
		Pycnogenol
		Soy isoflavones
		Tea catechins
		Cocoa/chocolate
		Cranberry
		Flaxseed
		Olives
		Pomegranate
		Coenzyme Q10
		Melatonin
		MSM
		SAMe
		Synergistic effects
		Adverse effects
		Quality of commercially available products
		Conclusions
		Further reading
	Chapter 33:
Colouring and flavouring agents
		Colouring Agents
		Flavouring Agents
	Chapter 34:
Miscellaneous products
		Kieselguhr or Diatomite
		Prepared Chalk
		Gelatin
		Fish Body Oils
		Silk
		Wool, Animal Wool, Sheep’s Wool
		Shellac (Lac)
Part 6: Plants in complementary and traditional systems of medicine
	Introduction
	Chapter 35:
Herbal medicine in Britain and Europe: regulation and practice
		Regulatory Background
		Industry Standards
		The Herbal Practitioner
		Herbal Practice in the UK
	Chapter 36:
Asian medicine
		History of Asian Medicine Systems
		Common Terms and Concepts Used in Ayurveda
		Principles of Ayurveda
		Further reading
	Chapter 37:
Chinese herbs in the West
		Historical Background
		Therapeutic Principles
		Chinese Herbal Medicine in Western Practice
		State Recognition: Evidence of Efficacy
		Quality of Chinese Herbs in Western Markets
		Further reading
	Chapter 38: Plants in African traditional medicine-some perspectives
		Traditional Medicine Practitioners and their Techniques
		Research into African Medicinal Plants
		Trade in Medicinal Plants in Africa
		The African Pharmacopoeia
		Conclusion
		Further reading
Part 7: Non-medicinal toxic plants and pesticides
	Chapter 39:
Hallucinogenic, allergenic, teratogenic and other toxic plants
		Hallucinogens
			Fungi
			Lysergic Acid Derivatives
			Peyote
			Indian Hemp
			Other Higher Plants
		Natural Allergens
		Teratogens of Higher Plants
		Other Toxic Plants
		Further reading
	Chapter 40:
Pesticides of natural origin
		Acaricides
		Insecticides
		Rodenticides
		Molluscicides
		Further reading
Part 8: Morphological and microscopical examination of drugs
	Chapter 41:
Plant description, morphology and anatomy
		Leaves and Tops (\'Herbs\')
		Barks
		Woods
		Leaves or Leaflets
		Inflorescences and Flowers
		Fruits
		Seeds
		Subterranean Organs
		Unorganized Drugs
	Chapter 42:
Cell differentiation and ergastic cell contents
		The Cell Wall
		Parenchymatous Tissue
		The Epidermis
		Epidermal Trichomes
		The Endodermis
		Cork Tissue
		Collenchyma
		Sclereids
		Fibres
		Xylem
		Phloem
		Secretory Tissues
		Ergastic Cell Contents
	Chapter 43:
Techniques in microscopy
		The Microscope
		Preparation of Drugs for Microscopical Examination and General Use of Reagents
		Powdered Drugs
		Quantitative Microscopy
Index