Anatomy & Physiology

Preface
	1. About OpenStax
	2. About OpenStax Resources
	3. About Anatomy and Physiology
	4. Additional Resources
	5. About the Authors
	6. Special Thanks
Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Human Body
	1.1. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology*
	1.2. Structural Organization of the Human Body*
	1.3. Functions of Human Life*
	1.4. Requirements for Human Life*
	1.5. Homeostasis*
	1.6. Anatomical Terminology*
	1.7. Medical Imaging*
	Glossary
Chapter 2. The Chemical Level of Organization
	2.1. Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter*
	2.2. Chemical Bonds*
	2.3. Chemical Reactions*
	2.4. Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning*
	2.5. Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning*
	Glossary
Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization
	3.1. The Cell Membrane*
	3.2. The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles*
	3.3. The Nucleus and DNA Replication*
	3.4. Protein Synthesis*
	3.5. Cell Growth and Division*
	3.6. Cellular Differentiation*
	Glossary
Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization
	4.1. Types of Tissues*
	4.2. Epithelial Tissue*
	4.3. Connective Tissue Supports and Protects*
	4.4. Muscle Tissue and Motion*
	4.5. Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response*
	4.6. Tissue Injury and Aging*
	Glossary
Chapter 5. The Integumentary System
	5.1. Layers of the Skin*
	5.2. Accessory Structures of the Skin*
	5.3. Functions of the Integumentary System*
	5.4. Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System*
	Glossary
Chapter 6. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
	6.1. The Functions of the Skeletal System*
	6.2. Bone Classification*
	6.3. Bone Structure*
	6.4. Bone Formation and Development*
	6.5. Fractures: Bone Repair*
	6.6. Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue*
	6.7. Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems*
	Glossary
Chapter 7. Axial Skeleton
	7.1. Divisions of the Skeletal System*
	7.2. The Skull*
	7.3. The Vertebral Column*
	7.4. The Thoracic Cage*
	7.5. Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton*
	Glossary
Chapter 8. The Appendicular Skeleton
	8.1. The Pectoral Girdle*
	8.2. Bones of the Upper Limb*
	8.3. The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis*
	8.4. Bones of the Lower Limb*
	8.5. Development of the Appendicular Skeleton*
	Glossary
Chapter 9. Joints
	9.1. Classification of Joints*
	9.2. Fibrous Joints*
	9.3. Cartilaginous Joints*
	9.4. Synovial Joints*
	9.5. Types of Body Movements*
	9.6. Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints*
	9.7. Development of Joints*
	Glossary
Chapter 10. Muscle Tissue
	10.1. Overview of Muscle Tissues*
	10.2. Skeletal Muscle*
	10.3. Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation*
	10.4. Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension*
	10.5. Types of Muscle Fibers*
	10.6. Exercise and Muscle Performance*
	10.7. Cardiac Muscle Tissue*
	10.8. Smooth Muscle*
	10.9. Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue*
	Glossary
Chapter 11. The Muscular System
	11.1. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems*
	11.2. Naming Skeletal Muscles*
	11.3. Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back*
	11.4. Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax*
	11.5. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs*
	11.6. Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs*
	Glossary
Chapter 12. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
	12.1. Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System*
	12.2. Nervous Tissue*
	12.3. The Function of Nervous Tissue*
	12.4. The Action Potential*
	12.5. Communication Between Neurons*
	Glossary
Chapter 13. Anatomy of the Nervous System
	13.1. The Embryologic Perspective*
	13.2. The Central Nervous System*
	13.3. Circulation and the Central Nervous System*
	13.4. The Peripheral Nervous System*
	Glossary
Chapter 14. The Somatic Nervous System
	14.1. Sensory Perception*
	14.2. Central Processing*
	14.3. Motor Responses*
	Glossary
Chapter 15. The Autonomic Nervous System
	15.1. Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System*
	15.2. Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis*
	15.3. Central Control*
	15.4. Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System*
	Glossary
Chapter 16. The Neurological Exam
	16.1. Overview of the Neurological Exam*
	16.2. The Mental Status Exam*
	16.3. The Cranial Nerve Exam*
	16.4. The Sensory and Motor Exams*
	16.5. The Coordination and Gait Exams*
	Glossary
Chapter 17. The Endocrine System
	17.1. An Overview of the Endocrine System*
	17.2. Hormones*
	17.3. The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus*
	17.4. The Thyroid Gland*
	17.5. The Parathyroid Glands*
	17.6. The Adrenal Glands*
	17.7. The Pineal Gland*
	17.8. Gonadal and Placental Hormones*
	17.9. The Endocrine Pancreas*
	17.10. Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions*
	17.11. Development and Aging of the Endocrine System*
	Glossary
Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: Blood
	18.1. An Overview of Blood*
	18.2. Production of the Formed Elements*
	18.3. Erythrocytes*
	18.4. Leukocytes and Platelets*
	18.5. Hemostasis*
	18.6. Blood Typing*
	Glossary
Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
	19.1. Heart Anatomy*
	19.2. Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity*
	19.3. Cardiac Cycle*
	19.4. Cardiac Physiology*
	19.5. Development of the Heart*
	Glossary
Chapter 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
	20.1. Structure and Function of Blood Vessels*
	20.2. Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance*
	20.3. Capillary Exchange*
	20.4. Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System*
	20.5. Circulatory Pathways*
	20.6. Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation*
	Glossary
Chapter 21. The Lymphatic and Immune System
	21.1. Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems*
	21.2. Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response*
	21.3. The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types*
	21.4. The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies*
	21.5. The Immune Response against Pathogens*
	21.6. Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses*
	21.7. Transplantation and Cancer Immunology*
	Glossary
Chapter 22. The Respiratory System
	22.1. Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System*
	22.2. The Lungs*
	22.3. The Process of Breathing*
	22.4. Gas Exchange*
	22.5. Transport of Gases*
	22.6. Modifications in Respiratory Functions*
	22.7. Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System*
	Glossary
Chapter 23. The Digestive System
	23.1. Overview of the Digestive System*
	23.2. Digestive System Processes and Regulation*
	23.3. The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus*
	23.4. The Stomach*
	23.5. The Small and Large Intestines*
	23.6. Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder*
	23.7. Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look*
	Glossary
Chapter 24. Metabolism and Nutrition
	24.1. Overview of Metabolic Reactions*
	24.2. Carbohydrate Metabolism*
	24.3. Lipid Metabolism*
	24.4. Protein Metabolism*
	24.5. Metabolic States of the Body*
	24.6. Energy and Heat Balance*
	24.7. Nutrition and Diet*
	Glossary
Chapter 25. The Urinary System
	25.1. Physical Characteristics of Urine*
	25.2. Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport*
	25.3. Gross Anatomy of the Kidney*
	25.4. Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney*
	25.5. Physiology of Urine Formation*
	25.6. Tubular Reabsorption*
	25.7. Regulation of Renal Blood Flow*
	25.8. Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function*
	25.9. Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition*
	25.10. The Urinary System and Homeostasis*
	Glossary
Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
	26.1. Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments*
	26.2. Water Balance*
	26.3. Electrolyte Balance*
	26.4. Acid-Base Balance*
	26.5. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance*
	Glossary
Chapter 27. The Reproductive System
	27.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System*
	27.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System*
	27.3. Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems*
	Glossary
Chapter 28. Development and Inheritance
	28.1. Fertilization*
	28.2. Embryonic Development*
	28.3. Fetal Development*
	28.4. Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth*
	28.5. Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages*
	28.6. Lactation*
	28.7. Patterns of Inheritance*
	Glossary
Solutions
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Chapter 15
	Chapter 16
	Chapter 17
	Chapter 18
	Chapter 19
	Chapter 20
	Chapter 21
	Chapter 22
	Chapter 23
	Chapter 24
	Chapter 25
	Chapter 26
	Chapter 27
	Chapter 28
References
	Index
Anatomy and Physiology.pdf
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